Analysis Of The Poem Gwendolyn Brooks - 1030 Words

Amber Bryan Professor Heintz LIT1000 12 December 2016 Personal Journal â€Å"Look at what s happening in this world. Every day there s something exciting or disturbing to write about. With all that s going on, how could I stop?† (â€Å"Gwendolyn† BrainyQuote.com) Gwendolyn Brooks, born in 1917 in Kansas grew up with her father, David Anderson Brooks and her mother, Keziah Wims Brooks. Although born in Kansas, Gwendolyn was raised in Illinois (Shor). Throughout her life she dealt with real issues and confronted them within her writing. Her thoughts and poetry would continue to be relevant for decades, even as time goes on, the world still remains a broken place. â€Å"The Brooks household was a happy one, and Gwendolyn thrived on a steady diet of love and encouragement from her parents, who read stories and sang songs to their two children† (â€Å"Gwendolyn† Contemporary Heroes). Brooks discovered her love of writing as a young girl in her late childhood and early adolescence. She was the target of harassment in her early schools and was picked on for everything from her hair and the way she looks to her personality and the way she interacts with others. After attempts of getting along with the other students at two other high schools failed, Brooks was sent to an integrated high school, Englewood and graduated in 1934 (â€Å"Gwendolyn† Scribner). Brooks graduated from college in 1936 with an English degree, and later became â€Å"the publicity director of the local National Association for theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken By Gwendolyn Brooks980 Words   |  4 PagesFor my analysis I chose to look at two poems where the authors transform the readers into the speakers. I will be analyzing â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and â€Å"the mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both of these poems show decisions made on the speakers part and how the reader can relate to the speakers feelings about their decisions. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† opens with a man in the woods, looking down two equally worn paths. It is a reflection on his part. This incident happened in the past and yearsRead MoreAnalysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s Poem A Lovely Love 894 Words   |  4 Pagestake part in. As a result, thousands of poems and sonnets have been written about love bonds that are either praised and happily blessed or love bonds that undergo struggle and pain to cling on to their forbidden love. Gwendolyn Brooks sonnet A Lovely Love, explores the emotions and thoughts between two lovers who are striving for their natural human right to love while delicately revealing society s crime in vilifying a couples right to love. Gwendolyn Brooks uses several examples of imagery andRead MorePoem Analysis: We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks724 Words   |  3 PagesWe Real Cool(1960) by Gwendolyn Brooks. The Pool Players. Seven at the Golden Shovel. We real cool. We Left school. We Lurk late. We Strike straight. We Sing sin. We Thin gin. We Jazz June. We Die soon. This is a short poem with five stanzas each having two lines. The poem is short and the choice of words is concrete and targeted at the subject that the poet is striving to put forth. The poem is generally on the life of the pool players. It depicts the fast paced lifestyle of the pool playersRead MoreWe Real Cool505 Words   |  3 Pagesperhaps Brooks’ single best-known poem, subjects a similarly representative experience to an intricate technical and thematic scrutiny, at once loving and critical. The poem is only twenty-four words long, including eight repetitions of the word â€Å"we.† It is suggestive that the subtitle of â€Å"We Real Cool† specifies the presence of only seven pool players at the â€Å"Golden Shovel.† The eighth â€Å"we† suggests that poet and reader share, on some level, the desperation of the group-voice that Brooks transmitsRead MoreAnalysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks And Robert Hayden s Poetry1255 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Writing An Analysis of Gwendolyn Brooks and Robert Hayden’s Poetry Many artists are also historians, people who record first-hand experience of history, making note of important events to which many will make reference. Artist do this through music, writing, and orally through passed-down stories and legends. In the area of writing, there are many different types which display historical understanding. These categories divide into poems, prose, short stories, and long stories. The categoryRead MoreAnalysis Of We Real Cool702 Words   |  3 PagesWe Real Cool Analysis Mob mentality, also known as herd mentality is how people are influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviors. In reality, people in the group developed one lifestyle, one purpose, and one mind. This mentality is slightly shown in something as innocent as school cliques. But often, this mob mentality can have negative consequences. Gwendolyn Brooks’ We Real Cool is a cautionary tale of 7 pool players living fast and dying young together. The poem uses symbolism,Read MoreComparing Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool and Robert Frosts Nothing979 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough there are a number of different facets regarding the careers and works of Gwendolyn Brooks and Robert Frost, there are a number of similarities between their respective poems We Real Cool and Nothing Gold Can Stay. These similarities become all the more apparent when one attempts to compare the imagery of these poems. A careful consideration of this comparison indicates that the imagery of each of thes e poems is preoccupied with the concept of time in various aspects of its ephemeral natureRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of \1540 Words   |  7 PagesWithout a Hand to Hold Analysis and Interpretation of The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon Gwendolyn Brooks The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon gives an eerie look into a ministers mind. Indeed the poems premise is made clear from the opening line: It must be lonely to be God (1). The poem proceeds to note that while God is a much-revered and respected figure, he has no equal. The preachers revelation provides the reader a unique perspective into religion. Brooks points out due toRead MoreThe Preacher Ruminates: Behind The Sermon (Analysis and Interpretation)1478 Words   |  6 Pagesa Hand to Hold Analysis and Interpretation of The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon Gwendolyn Brooks The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon gives an eerie look into a ministers mind. Indeed the poems premise is made clear from the opening line: It must be lonely to be God (1). The poem proceeds to note that while God is a much-revered and respected figure, he has no equal. The preachers revelation provides the reader a unique perspective into religion. Brooks points out due toRead MoreThe Culture of and Prejudice Against African Americans as Depicted in Gwendolyn Brooks Poetry and Stories1936 Words   |  8 Pagesit all. Author and renowned poet Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks discuses and describes many of the cruel and unfair treatment that African Americans have faced throughout our civilization. Brooks’ not only speaks on the racial prejudice of African Americans, but she also discusses the heartaches, the life, and the growth of African Americans as a people. Brooks’ poetry and stories are very similar to her own experience growing up as an African American woman. Brooks’ uses the symbol of death many times

Road Safety Free Essays

Road Safety is essential in our daily life. Thus to observe the traffic rules is an important activity to ensure road safety. Road safety should first of all begin at home by teaching and instructing children about the traffic rules with some good hints on the do‘s and dont‘s. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children should also be taught the highway code and advised to follow them strictly. Hence safety rules is everybody‘s business. Statistics has time and again shown that a great proportion of the people involved in road accidents are school children. It cannot be denied therefore that improper education is one of the major causes of accidents. There are cases where accident are caused by children running across the road without much attention, crossing behind parked vehicle, cycling two or three abreast carrying pillion riders, alighting from moving buses and cycling without due care. Therefore, they should be thought the important the road safety both at home and in schools. Exhibitions by the schools and demonstrations by the police authorities can do much in instilling in the children in a greater awareness of the dangers on the roads. As for the drivers on the road, they should always concentrate and study the situation ahead. It is very important that they anticipate road movements. They should drive safely showing consideration for others road users. The drives of heavy vehicles especially, should exercise greater consideration for those of smaller vehicles. Motorist and taxi- drivers should not exceed the speed limits and should always think of the safety of the passengers. A good driver should also know how to assess the speed and the distance of the oncoming traffic. Dangerous of overtaking has been cited as one of the major causes of road accidents. Drives in their enthusiasm or impatience overtakes other vehicles and end up in the head-on collision with other oncoming vehicles. Drives should always exercise caution and show more road sense. Motorcyclist should always wear safety helmet for their own safety. They should remember that prevention is better than cure. The government on their part should distribute pamphlets which warn and instill fear in road-users who are careless and inconsiderate. Posters in ivid pictorial terms which tell of the dangers and the consequences of careless reckless driving should also be imposed to act as deterrents to negligent driving. Unroadworthy vehicles such as vehicles whish are very old and in state of despair, vehicles which do not be allowed on the road until the defects are corrected. Finally all roads until the defects are reflectors should not be allowed on the roads until the defects are corrected. Finally all road-users should cultivate the virtues of consideration, tolerate, patience, caution and a respect for the highway code for everybody‘s benefit How to cite Road Safety, Papers Road Safety Free Essays Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India.The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement issues.The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India.The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities. The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve many different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India How to cite Road Safety, Papers Road Safety Free Essays Nowadays, the movement of vehicular traffic on road is increasing day by day. Every year thousands of people die in road accidents due to their or others fault. Consequently, there is a growing concern for road safety and thrust upon the knowledge of traffic rules in civic life. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ignorance of traffic rules and their non-observance results into accidents, fatal injuries or permanent physical disabilities, loss of life and damage of properties. To prevent it, there is a need to generate awareness about traffic norms and their observance at mass level. The rules of road are hard and fast and cannot be broken without danger to life or limb. While on road, we must always look ahead and judge the speed of traffic and the timings of traffic lights. Accidents occur if we are unmindful of the other users of the road. We should always keep a close watch on other road users especially pedestrians as they move slowly. We must maintain adequate distance from vehicle ahead of us. We must drive our vehicles at specified speeds. At higher speed, the stopping distance exceeds the visual distance and therefore, it causes accidents. We should avoid sudden use of breaks, as it is risky. The best way to stop quickly is to drive slowly or to keep speeds under control. We should always keep a safe distance from large and heavy vehicles. In case, our vehicle comes between large vehicles there is a like hood of our vehicle being crushed. Since long vehicles cover more space, we must not be on its either right or left side when it is taking a turn. We must not over take vehicles as it may lead to an accident. We must follow the traffic signals as they assure us safety. There are three signals- red light, yellow light and green light. The red light indicates that we should stop. The yellow light indicates we should wait for green signal and the green signal indicates that we should start going. How to cite Road Safety, Papers Road Safety Free Essays Road safety is increasingly becoming a major killer and a worldwide concern. A child is killed in an accident every three minutes. Everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to lack in road safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Around six thousand people are injured due to these small mistakes of a driver. Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but this a major topic of accidents occurring every minute nowadays. . Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. To avoid these, a driver should be careful not to break the road safety rules and maintain the road safety culture. The main reason for accidents is high speed driving. Many people are killed, left seriously injured in road accidents. Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety what to do what not to do. Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The main causes of the car accidents are driver distractions, drunken drivers, using cellular phones while driving, speeding, aggressive driving, mechanical failure, road conditions and weather.Lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, lack of experience and licensing older drivers also may be a cause of these accidents. Road accidents involving children has become a major cause for concern around the world. Within recent times, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents involving children. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle and multiple vehicle accidents. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country.It continues to be a growing concern to all those who use the roads. There are many other causes of accident on the road. One reason is that, nowadays people can obtain license easily. But actually, people who want to get the license must have an experience and know the rules on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experienced drivers on the road. However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow the road safety rules and maintain road safety culture. .† How to cite Road Safety, Papers

XIX century, Renaissance Review Essay Example

XIX century, Renaissance Review Paper Essay on XIX century, Renaissance . We recently went crazy, but Im awfully glad to be with you .. .. Barfuss » I pour in a cup of thick coffee, I sit back in your favorite chair color huge night walks through the universe. The cases concern, late calls, television, carrying stuff, snatches of music from the windows, heavy footsteps upstairs neighbor all wait. Im flying away, am taking I just dissolve in Dmitry Komarov poetry. Section N, Page is unknown. We will write a custom essay sample on XIX century, Renaissance Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on XIX century, Renaissance Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on XIX century, Renaissance Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer letter law, the introduction of the season Recognition In in the rocking chairs it looked scary movie day. well, whats wrong? You should not pretend to be Your eyes highlights sadness My man, we only nineteen Ages but we know by heart I always perceive his poetry as a miracle. And all the wonderful and inexplicable reason we are always trying to push into the future or the past, saying what are you, from the last century? Or what are you, from another planet? Well, in fact! Tired, angry, spit rush jobs working in the late evening and slush of dirty quarters, we rush home and did not notice any-Th-th. Dmitri sees no scraps clichà © pages on the wall opposite, a mezhreklamnuyu Fall bulletin boards and then, shyly smiling, admits. I (secretly) of extinct cranks » On the trail of airplanes sweeps cry swans. For the concrete slab can wrap up in sleeping comfort, Two centuries later, dozing in the ninth minute The polymer paradise of artificial orchids. We met not so long ago. A few years ago. Probably because people come to the opening. And the wide-open, wondering eyes really? so simple? and so can not be Thats what I felt when I first read the poems Dmitry. A nagging feeling of delight from participation in some mystery. Like a learned a new world, a new universe full of openwork metaphors weightless images, shadows and shades, full of wonderful, crystal, ringing poetic lines. Quilted icicles raskhnykavshiysya day, bays in the mountainous diadem course serpentine loop, through straws sip leisurely drink chocolate sunset with croissants, with rain parapet under his silver bullet, in love words just roll  » and you want to take away everything on the line and repeat, repeat, repeat, lifting herself mood, and think that the world is not so bad, if it still has romance, who can give your soul. The solar disk gap Here it carte blanche to the moon segments, slices eat -! That to at polschastya juicy! You did not know? So I do not know And now, I envy everyone who first take the book in hand and first read the line returned to its universe of the poet I am glad to be numbered among the ranks of their foreign -. Occasionally in captivity found this type, whose representatives did not approve of Hush! Not for the ears ceramic Aphrodite The gnome with a huge basket of wild mushrooms, Several types of phone cards Im probably not much! destined retell. But Id be damn glad!

Construction and Validation of a General Science Aptitude Essay Example

Construction and Validation of a General Science Aptitude Essay Example Construction and Validation of a General Science Aptitude Essay Construction and Validation of a General Science Aptitude Essay Ilorin Journal of Education, Vol. 27 August, 2007 CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A GENERAL SCIENCE APTITUDE TEST (GSAT) FOR NIGERIAN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES Ariyo, Akinyele Oyetunde (PhD), International Centre for Educational Evaluation, Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. [emailprotected] com +2348034292924 Abstract This paper is a report of a study whose major purpose was to develop and validate a General Science Aptitude Test (GSAT) for Junior Secondary School graduate seeking admission into senior secondary school one in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the various stages in the development and validation of GSAT and also to determine the psychometric properties of the instrument. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Test difficult index, discriminative index and the KuderRichardson 21 statistics were used for the analysis of results. The results of analysis show that the GSAT was moderately difficult for the sampled students (average item difficult is 0. 39), while the instrument was found to be reliable since internal consistency was found to be 0. 90. The inter-correlation among the GSAT‘s sub-scales was found to be substantial . GSAT is recommended for use in other parts of the world. Introduction There is a strong agreement among educationist and psychologist on the utility of aptitude tests in the process of educational and vocational decisions, about placement, streaming, admission and classification of students and job seekers (Gay, 1980; Macklem, 1990). According to Gay (1980), aptitude tests help the teacher to test more realistic expectations of students’ abilities and facilitate the identification of under achievers. The terms intelligence, ability, and aptitude are often used interchangeably to refer to behaviour that is used to predict future learning or performance. However, subtle differences exist between the terms. The tests designed to measure these attributes differ in several significant ways. Like intelligence tests, aptitude tests measure a students overall performance across a broad range of mental capabilities. But aptitude tests also often include items which measure more specialized abilities such as verbal and numerical skillsthat predict scholastic performance in educational programs. Compared to achievement tests, aptitude tests cover a broader area and look at a wider range of experiences. Achievement tests tend to measure recent learning and are closely tied to particular school subjects. Aptitude tests tell us what a student brings to the task regardless of the specific curriculum that the student has already experienced. The difference between aptitude and achievement tests is sometimes a matter of degree. Some aptitude and 20 Ariyo, Akinyele Oyetunde achievement tests look a lot alike. In fact, the higher a student goes in levels of education, the more the content of aptitude tests resembles achievement tests. This is because the knowledge that a student has already accumulated is a good predictor of success at advanced levels. In literature there is no single definition of aptitude. Some investigators defined aptitude as the characteristics of a person that are regarded as indices of his capacity to acquire, through future training some specific set of responses (Aiken, 1988; Gronlund, 1981). On the contrary some other investigators see it as natural or innate capacity for a particular performance (Yejide, 1973; Thorndike Hagen, 1977). Aptitude tests are cognitive (intellectual) measures used to predict future performance in some activities such as school learning and other forms of accomplishment (Aiken, 1988; Gronlund, 1981; Sax, 1980). Aptitude tests are widely used in schools and industries. Teachers might want to administer aptitude test to help them identify students who have potential to perform well in physics in the future so that they could be offered physics instruction. This is in line with previous research findings, whereby a positive link had already been established (Aiken, 1988; Gagne Briggs, 1979; Gronlund, 1981; Thorndike Hagen, 1977). The United States Employment service developed the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) which is widely used in the United States by State Employment offices and has been made available as a model or starting point for the development of aptitude batteries in other countries (Tittle, 1990). The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is the most widely used aptitude battery in United States high schools. The Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) was designed primarily for educational and vocational counselling in U. S. A. secondary schools (Tittle, 1984). An early ork on the differential test is a battery devised for the selection of apprentices in the metal trades. Aptitude testing derived prominence when it became apparent that intelligence tests were rather limited in their coverage of special abilities or talents (Denga, 1987). Ikeotuonye (1986) validated the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) in Kaduna State of Nigeria. The DAT battery consists of eight independent tests, n amely: Verbal Reasoning (VR), Numerical Ability (NA), Abstract (CSA), Mechanical Reasoning (MR), Space Relations (SR), Language usage: Spelling (LU-I) and Language usage: Grammar (LU-II). The specific objective of the study was to determine whether the location of schools, in terms of ruralurban categorization, had any effect on the students’ scores on the Differential Aptitude Tests. The sample was made up of 75 girls and 325 boys (400 students) from eight secondary schools in Kaduna State. The results of the study showed that the students in urban areas performed better than the students in rural areas. It was then established empirically that the experiential background of the students had observable effects on their aptitudes. Attempts have been made to develop tests of intelligence and creativity (Bakare, 1972; McCarthy, 1973; Ohuche Ohuche 1973; Yoloye, 1973) adapted various standardized tests of intelligence in measuring pupils’ achievements. Also, Akinboye (1977) developed a test aimed at measuring the creative abilities of post primary students. 21 Ilorin Journal of Education, Vol. 27 August, 2007 In Nigeria, the Federal Government established the Nigerian Aptitude Test Unit (NATU) in 1963 which has helped the West African Examination Council (WAEC) in constructing and administering aptitude tests (WAEC NEWS, 1989). In order to reduce the dependence on foreign tests, the Test Development and Research office (TEDRO) a branch of WAEC came into existence in 1963. TEDRO has designed over twenty-one (21) types of aptitude tests. W. A. E. C. aptitude tests were designed for selection of candidates into various education programmes such as: secondary schools, Vocational /Technical schools, Schools of Nursing, the Polytechnics and Occupational services. The tests are useful in streaming students into various courses of study, for example, the scholastic or purely academic science, technical and commercial (Soriyan, 1978). Yejide (1979) indicated that the predictor tests for science ability designed by W. A. E. C. are a battery of eight aptitude tests. It consists of verbal Analogies (VAL), the reading comprehension (RDL), the memory Test (MEM), Graph (GPH), Arithmetic (RTA), Tables (TAB) and science information (SCI) subtests. They are called I-D tests, specifically designed for use in Africa. They were developed during 1960 1964 in a project supported by the U. S. Agency for International Development which gave the contract to the American Institute for Research. The introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria in 1982, constituted a major boost for psychological testing. The Guidance and Counselling Unit of the Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria commissioned experts from the Nigerian universities and representative from W. A. E. C. to develop and standardize aptitude tests for use in counselling and placement of students after junior secondary education. The tests were standardized in 1986 (Denga, 1987). As at present in Nigeria, the administration of aptitude tests is a yearly exercise in the Federal unity schools. The National Examinations Council (N. E. C. O. ) based at Minna usually administers a series of Aptitude Tests on junior secondary three (JSIII) students in Federal unity schools for the purpose of placement in different classes such as Arts, commercial, science and technical classes at the senior secondary school one. The developmental trend in Aptitudes testing revealed the need to conduct more studies in the country that involve aptitude testing especially that will cut across the Federal, State and Privately owned secondary schools. Uses of Aptitude Tests In general, aptitude test results have three major uses: Instructional: Teachers can use aptitude test results to adapt their curricula to match the level of their students, or to design assignments for students who differ widely. Aptitude test scores can also help teachers form realistic expectations of students. Knowing something about the aptitude level of students in a given class can help a teacher identify which students are not learning as much as could be predicted on the basis of aptitude scores. For instance, if a whole class were performing less well than would be predicted from aptitude test results, then curriculum, objectives, teaching methods, or student characteristics might be investigated. Administrative: Aptitude test scores can identify the general aptitude level of a high school, for example. This can be helpful in determining how much 22 Ariyo, Akinyele Oyetunde emphasis should be given to college preparatory programs. Aptitude tests can be used to help identify students to be accelerated or given extra attention, for grouping, and in predicting job training performance. Guidance: Guidance counselors use aptitude tests to help parents develop realistic expectations for their childs school performance and to help students understand their own strengths and weaknesses. According to Macklem (1990), research data shows that individually administered aptitude tests have the following qualities: They are excellent predictors of future scholastic achievement. They provide ways of comparing a childs performance with that of other children in the same situation. They provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses. They assess differences among individuals. They have uncovered hidden talents in some children, thus improving their educational opportunities. They are valuable tools for working with handicapped children. Research indicates that self-awareness and self-control are the building blocks upon which people skills are built. In other words, without awareness and control of your emotions and knowledge of how emotions affect your behaviors, there is little, if any, foundation upon which to build people skills (Emotional Intelligence Screening EQ test01). People skills† is a term that encompasses a number of important competencies such as social and organizational awareness and the ability to manage relationships well. People skills are more a product of environment than of genes. The fact is that no one is too old to learn, practice and acquire new people skills, or emotional intelligence. On account of aptitude test considerable utility, therefore, several approaches have been tried in the overall efforts to produce valid and reliable instruments for the measurements of aptitude. Among the various approaches available for the construction of aptitude tests are: 1. The differential test approach, the component ability test approach, the work sample test approach and the analogous (Horrocks and Schoonover 1968). 2. The process of similarities, verbal analogies, memory, comprehension boxes approaches (WAEC I-D). 3. Comparison approaches (Cooley, 1958). In the differential approach a number of relatively distinct abilities believed to be of major importance in assessing and predicting human behaviour in areas of general and special bilities are measured. The component ability test is a test of a single ability, the analogous test either by duplicating the pattern in miniature or by simulating the job without presenting the examinee with an exact reproduction of it. One particular advantage of the analogous test is that it is not necessary to identify the abilities, which underline the task since at least part of the actual job performance is stimulated. The work sample test requires the examinee to perform all or part of the working operations of a given job under non-testing condition. The WAEC I-D approach consists of using similarities, analogies, 23 Ilorin Journal of Education, Vol. 27 August, 2007 memory, comprehension, and boxes among others in the construction of aptitude test items. The comparison approach involves specific abilities needed by practicing scientists. One of the methods of statistical analysis useful for this approach is a factor analysis, which analyses the interrelationships among a battery of test. For the purpose of construction of SGAT an attempt was made by combining the various approaches discussed in the literature. This study developed and validated and a General Science Aptitude Test for Junior Secondary School graduates seeking admission into Senior Secondary School. Research Questions 1. What is the internal consistency of General Science Aptitude Test (GSAT)? 2. What is the discrimination index of GSAT? 3. What is the difficult index of GSAT? 4. What are the relationships among GSAT subscales? Methodology In constructing the present Science Aptitude Test, an extensive review of literature was first undertaken to unearth the various de-limitations of aptitude test and aptitudes construction techniques by different authors. Five broad areas of science aptitudes were identified which formed the five component parts of the instrument. They are Biology (BIO), Chemistry (CHE), General Reasoning (GER), Mathematics (MAT) and Physics (PHY). After obtaining these broad science areas, the next step consisted of writing items bearing in mind the building principles in the various types of aptitudes test construction approaches. The items obtained in this way were then subjected to vigorous editing and formulation. The items judged satisfactory on these bases were then grouped into the existing ive subset areas of SGAT in terms of logical and content analysis. This grouping produced 16 items in each of the five areas making up to 80 items in all. With respect to the mode of response to the test items, it was decided that the multiple-choice items with four option alternative format should be used. Sampling Procedure for Trial Testing At this stage, an experimental version of the Science General Aptitude Test (GSAT ) was trial tested. Five Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) in Jos, Nigeria (1 Federal School type – 2 State Schools type and 2 Voluntary Agency School type) were randomly chosen for the trial testing. In each of the five schools, 10 students in Junior Secondary Three (JS 3) were chosen making a total of 25 boys and 25 girls. The SGAT was administered to those 50 students and a score of 1 was assigned to each correct option of each item. The discrimination and test difficulty indices of each item as well as the average discrimination index and difficulty index in each subsets of the test were obtained in order to determine the value and position of each item and each sub-test in the whole test. Based on these results, the SGAT items were 24 Ariyo, Akinyele Oyetunde eviewed. Using the test difficulty indices, the subset were re-arranged in order of difficulty, thus the BIO sub-test of SGAT was found mostly easy and PHY sub-test was found more difficult. Then, BIO was put first in the test while PHY items were put last. Similarly, in each sub-test, the items were re-arranged in order of difficulty level. The easier items (i. e. the items that many students passed) were put before the difficult items (i. e. the items many students failed). Bloom (1976), suggested that good item difficulty should fall within the range of 0. 40 to 0. 60. To maximize the psychometric properties of GSAT items the lowest and highest discriminative and item difficulty indices using 27% upper scorers group and 27% lower scorers group results were eliminated until 10 items remain in each subsets. The final form of the GSAT therefore consists of 50 items, 10 in each sub-test area. Reliability and Validity of the Science General Aptitude Test (SGAT) Reliability In determining the reliability of GSAT, three groups of secondary school students in JSS 3 whose ages range between 12 and 18 years were used. Group 1 consisted of 44 JSS 3 students (24 boys and 20 females). Group 2 consisted of 44 JSS 3 students (16 males and females). Group three consisted of 135 JSS 3 (86 boys and 49 girls). The group one students represented the Federal owned School Type while Group 2 students represented the state owned school type and group three students represented students from Voluntary owned school Type. In all, 221 JSS III students in Jos were involved in the exercise. The performance of these students on SGAT and its subsets were analysed using the Kudar Richardson formular 21 in order to estimate the internal consistency of the Test. The internal consistency estimate, which is a measure of reliability, is shown in a table 1 below. Table 1: Internal Consistencies of GSAT and its Subscale GSAT and its Subscales GSAT Biology Chemistry General Reasoning Mathematics Internal Consistency Using Kr 21 0. 9 0. 68 0. 62 0. 61 0. 43 No. of Items 50 10 10 10 10 Table 2 shows the summary of discrimination indices of GSAT and its subscales. 25 Ilorin Journal of Education, Vol. 27 August, 2007 Table 2: Discrimination Indices of SGAT and its Subsets Discrimination Index GSAT Biology Chemistry General Reasoning Mathematics Physics Discrimination Index 0. 8 0. 51 0. 43 0. 43 0. 28 0. 22 Average 0. 37 Table 3 shows the result of test difficult of GSAT and its subsets. Table 3: GSAT Difficulty Index Table GSAT and its Subjects GSAT Biology Chemistry General Reasoning Mathematics Physics Test Difficulty Indices 0. 39 0. 52 0. 43 0. 49 0. 29 0. 31 Average Test Difficulty 0. 39 Validity of the Instrument One of the more cherished valid ity for aptitude test is predictive validity. The provision of any predictive data would involve following up subject for a number of years and the relative of GSAT precludes furnishing such data at the moment. Other types of validity usually, established for aptitude tests are content validity or face validity. A look at GSAT shows that items in the test are science oriented which lies within the experience of Junior Secondary School (JSS) students in Jos, Nigeria. One other aspect of validity pertains to the inter-correlation among five subjects of GSAT. Table 4 shows such inter-correlation. Table 4: Inter-correlations among the five GSAT’S Subjects N – 21 GSAT Sub-Test Biology Chemistry General Reasoning Mathematics Physics Biology 0. 47 0. 54 0. 28 0. 26 Chemistry 0. 42 0. 22 0. 30 General Reasoning 0. 25 0. 7 Mathematics 0. 22 Physics 26 Ariyo, Akinyele Oyetunde The correlation coefficients were found to be statistically significant. As one would expect, there is substantial inter-correlation among the pairs of sub-tests and they all cluster on one common factor called science aptitude. Nominative Data for the SGAT In this instrument provisions are made for obtaining ipsa tive scores and normative scores (ipsative scores permits comparisons of the relative strength, of characteristics within the individual while the students’ performance based on normative scores permit external comparisons with a normative sample). The first step in the provision of normative data has been completed by administering the GSAT to a random sample of JSS 3 students in the three secondary school types Federal, State and Voluntary agency owned schools in Jos. Table 5 shows the means and standard deviation (SD) on overall students’ performance on GSAT according to the school types. Table 5: Summary of the Means and Standard Deviations on Overall Students’ Performances according to School Types School type Statistics Biology Chemistry General Reasoning Mathematics Physics SGAT Voluntary Agency Federal State N X SD N X S. D. N X S. D 132 5. 1 2. 53 42 6. 52 1. 92 47 4. 30 2. 51 132 4. 21 2. 42 42 5. 50 2. 20 47 2. 96 1. 62 132 3. 83 2. 45 42 4. 90 1. 83 47 2. 60 1. 70 132 2. 77 1. 72 42 3. 45 2. 02 47 2. 28 1. 73 131 2. 86 1. 89 42 4. 05 1. 85 47 3. 09 2. 01 132 19. 34 7. 75 42 24. 33 5. 64 47 15. 40 5. 19 Note: N = number of subjects; X = Mean score and S. D. = Standard Deviation. From Table 5, it could be observed that the students from the Federal school type has the highest means score both in the overall students’ SGAT scores and its’ sub-tests. This was followed by the performance of students from the Voluntary agency school type. The students from the state school type were found to perform least in all the sub-tests except physics. This result has great implication to educational practitioners and policy makers. Both student, school, and out of school factors that have been found to be detrimental to student’s performance and aptitude in science need to be addressed. Discussions The present study constructed and validated a general science aptitude test for junior secondary school graduate as an psychological instrument to assist in placing students into different arms of Senior secondary one classes. The finding of the present study reveals that GSAT test items constructed and validated have internal consistency. This suggests the fact 27 Ilorin Journal of Education, Vol. 27 August, 2007 that the instrument is reliable. It could be adopted and adapted in the country and in other parts of the world to place students into senior secondary schools one. The average discriminative and difficulty index of GSAT were found to be 0. 37 and 0. 39 respectively. This also attests to validity of the instrument in line with Bloom (1976) assertion that good item difficulty fall within the range of 0. 4 to 0. . It was also discovered that there was a substantial inter-correlation among GSAT subscales. This also buttresses the fact that the present instrument is both valid and reliable. Therefore the present instrument is relevant and applicable to Junior Secondary School graduates. The instrument could be obtained by users from the author. Recommendations Placement of Junior Secondary School Gra duate into senior secondary one class should be based on their performance in aptitude test. Students that do well in GSAT for instance are expected to be placed in science classes in senior secondary one. A student who does not do well in GSAT may be given some other types of aptitude tests that will predict their future learning and capability. Researchers should concentrate more efforts on factors that could improve students’ aptitude since previous researches have identified aptitude as a key factor on student’s performance in school. For instance, Ariyo (2006) findings revealed that physics general aptitude has the highest causal influence on senior secondary school students’ physics achievement in Oyo State. Out of the nine predictor variables, hypothesized to exert causal influence on achievement in physics, four variables: school type, student gender, student attitude to physics and physics general aptitude significantly exert such causal influence directly. Of the four variables, physics general aptitude has the highest contribution to achievement in physics; it was followed by students’ gender, then the students’ attitude towards physics, and school type factor. Physics general aptitude accounted for 50. 87% of the total effect on criterion variable and 46. 6% of the direct effect. Similar work like the present study should be done in arts and humanity to make the present study more robust. There should also be closer monitoring services in state school type across the country and in other parts of the world. Both science students and teachers from the state school type should be given incentive that will motivate them to do well in science subjects. Positive attitude t owards science subjects should be reinforced among students.

Profile

Marissa Mayer Bio / Profile Name: Name Marissa Ann Mayer Current Position: Chief Executive Officer and President of Yahoo!, Inc. - July 17, 2012-present Former Positions at Google: Vice President, Local, Maps and Location Services - October 12, 2010 to July 16, 2012Vice President, Search Products and User Experience, November 2005-October 2010Director, Consumer Web Services, March 2003-November 2005Product Manager, July 2001-March 2003Software Engineer, June 1999-July 2001 Born: May 30, 1975Wausau, Wisconsin Education High SchoolWausau West High SchoolGraduated 1993UndergraduateStanford University, Bachelor of Science in Symbolic Systems specializing in Artificial IntelligenceGraduated with honors June 1997GraduateMaster of Science in Computer Science specializing in Artificial IntelligenceGraduated June 1999Honorary DegreesHonrary Doctorate of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology - 2008 Family Background: Marissa Ann Mayer is the first child and only daughter of Michael and Margaret Mayer; the couple also have a son, Mason, born four years after his sister. Her father was an environmental engineer who worked for water-treatment plants and her mother was an art teacher and stay-at-home mom who decorated their Wausau home with Marimekko prints a Finnish company known for its brightly colored designs against a clean white background. This design esthetic influenced Mayers own choices for Googles user interface years later. Childhood and Early Influences: Mayer states her childhood was wonderful with a world-class ballet school and many opportunities right in town. Both parents were dedicated to nurturing their childrens interests. Her father built a backyard ice-rink for her younger brother and her mother drove her to numerous lessons and activities over the years. Among those she sampled: ice skating, ballet, piano, embroidery and cross stitch, cake decorating, Brownies, swimming, skiing and golf. Dancing was one activity that clicked. By junior high, Mayer danced 35 hours a week and learned criticism and discipline, poise and confidence according to her mother. Other influences figure prominently in her childhood. Her teal-painted bedroom featured Techline furniture (establishing early on her preference for clean lines and minimalist design), and one concession to girlhood was her Jackie Kennedy doll collection. Laura Beckman Anecdote: Mayer frequently mentions a valuable life lesson she learned from Laura Beckman, the daughter of her piano teacher and a talented volleyball player. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Mayer explained: She was given the choice of joining the varsity team...[and] sit on the bench for the year, or junior varsity, where she would start every game. Laura shocked everyone and chose varsity. The next year she came back as a senior, made varsity again and was a starter. The rest of the players who had been on junior varsity were benched for their entire senior year. I asked Laura: How did you know to pick varsity? Laura told me: I just knew if I got to practice and play alongside the best players every day, it would make me better. And thats exactly what happened. High School: Mayer was president of the Spanish Club, treasurer of the Key Club, and involved in debate, Math Club, academic decathlon and Junior Achievement (where she sold fire starters.) She also played the piano, took babysitting lessons, and continued to dance; her years of classical ballet training helped her earn a place on the precision dance team. Her debate team won the state championship her senior year which helped her hone her skill of identifying problems and solutions quickly. She credits her work ethic to a job as a supermarket cashier where she memorized produce codes in order to check out items as fast as employees whod been there 20 years. Her highly competitive nature was apparent in her interview with the LA Times: The more numbers you could memorize, the better off you are. If you had to stop to look up a price in a book, it totally killed your average. While experienced cashiers averaged 40 items per minute, Mayer held her own, averaging between 38-41 items per minute. College and Graduate School: As a high school senior, Mayer was accepted to all ten colleges she applied to, eventually turning down Yale to attend Stanford. She entered college thinking shed be a pediatric neurosurgeon, but a required computer course for pre-med students intrigued and challenged her. She decided to study Symbolic Systems which included courses in cognitive psychology, philosophy, linguistics and computer science. While at Stanford she danced in The Nutcracker ballet, engaged in parliamentary debate, volunteered at a childrens hospital, was involved in bringing computer science education to schools in Bermuda and began teaching her junior year. She continued on at Stanford for graduate school where friends recall she pulled all-nighters and often appeared in the same clothes she wore the day before. Early Career Path: Mayer served at the UBS research lab in Zurich, Switzerland for nine months and at SRI International in Menlo Park prior to joining Google. Interview with Google: Mayers initial introduction to Google was decidedly inauspicious. A graduate student in a long-distance relationship, she recalls pathetically eating a bad bowl of pasta in my dorm room by myself on a Friday night when a recruiting email arrived from a tiny search engine company. I remember I’d told myself, New emails from recruiters - just hit delete. But she didnt because shed heard about the company from one of her professors and her own graduate studies focused on the same areas the company wanted to explore. Although shed already received job offers Oracle, Carnegie Mellon and McKinsey, she interviewed with Google. At that time, Google only had seven employees and all the engineers were male. Realizing that a better gender balance would make for a stronger company, Google was eager for her to join the team but Mayer didnt immediately accept. Over spring break, she analyzed the most successful choices shed made in her life to see what they had in common. Decisions about where to go to college, what to major in, how to spend summers all seemed to revolve around the same two concerns: One was, in each case, I’d chosen the scenario where I got to work with the smartest people I could find....And the other thing was I always did something that I was a little not ready to do. In each of those cases, I felt a little overwhelmed by the option. I’d gotten myself in a little over my head. Career at Google: She accepted the offer and joined Google in June 1999 as he 20th employee hired by Google and its first female engineer. She went on to establish the look of Googles interface as a search engine and oversee the development, code-writing, and launch of Gmail, Google Maps, iGoogle, Google Chrome, Google Health, and Google News. She heavily influenced the companys biggest successes such as Google Earth, Books, Images and more, and she curated Google Doodle, the morphing of the familiar homepage logo into designs and images celebrating special events around the world. Named a Vice President in 2005, Mayers most recent role had her supervising the companys mapping products, location services, Google Local, Street View and many other products. During her 13-year tenure she led the product management effort for more than a decade during which Google Search grew from a few hundred thousand to over a billion searches per day. Several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design carry her name as inventor. She has been very vocal in her support of smart product design, intense corporate teamwork and girl power. Move to Yahoo She assumed the reins at Yahoo as CEO on July 17, 2012, where she faces a tough battle to restore morale, confidence and profitability. Mayer is the companys third CEO in a year. Move to Yahoo: She assumed the reins at Yahoo as CEO on July 17, 2012, where she faces a tough battle to restore morale, confidence and profitability. Mayer is the companys third CEO in a year. Personal: Mayer dated current Google CEO Larry Page for three years. She began seeing internet investor Zach Bogue in January 2008 and they married in December 2009; the couple are expecting a baby boy October 7, 2012. She owns a $5 million luxury penthouse atop the Four Seasons hotel in San Francisco and later purchased a Palo Alto Craftsman home, but not before looking at more than 100 properties. An aficionado of fashion and design, she is one of Oscar de la Rentas top customers and once paid $60,000 at a charity auction to have lunch with him. Mayer is an art collector and commissioned preeminent glass artist Dale Chihuly to create a 400-piece ceiling installation featuring blown glass sea flora and fauna. She also owns original art by Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Sol LeWitt. A cupcake aficionado, shes been known to study cupcake cookbooks, create spreadsheets of ingredients, and test versions of her own before writing new recipes. I’ve always loved baking, she once told an interviewer. I think it’s because I’m very scientific. The best cooks are chemists. She describes herself as really physically active and told the NYTimes that shes run the San Francisco half marathon, the Portland Marathon, and plans on doing the Birkebeiner, North Americas longest cross country ski race. Shes also climbed Mount Kilimanjaro. She regards her ability to anticipate trends as one of her assets: Back in about 2003, I correctly called cupcakes as a major trend. It was a business prediction, but its been widely interpreted as [that] I just like them. Other frequently-mentioned details about Mayer include her love of Mountain Dew and how little sleep she requires only 4 hours a night. Board Membership: San Francisco Museum of Modern ArtSan Francisco BalletNew York City BalletWal-Mart Stores Awards and Honors: Matrix Award by the New York Women in CommunicationsYoung Global Leader by the World Economic ForumWoman of the Year by Glamour magazineNamed one of Fortunes 50 Most Powerful Women in Business at age 33 making her the youngest woman ever to be included Personal: Mayer dated current Google CEO Larry Page for three years. She began seeing internet investor Zach Bogue in January 2008 and they married in December 2009; the couple are expecting a baby boy October 7, 2012. She owns a $5 million luxury penthouse atop the Four Seasons hotel in San Francisco and later purchased a Palo Alto Craftsman home, but not before looking at more than 100 properties. An aficionado of fashion and design, she is one of Oscar de la Rentas top customers and once paid $60,000 at a charity auction to have lunch with him. Mayer is an art collector and commissioned preeminent glass artist Dale Chihuly to create a 400-piece ceiling installation featuring blown glass sea flora and fauna. She also owns original art by Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Sol LeWitt. A cupcake aficionado, shes been known to study cupcake cookbooks, create spreadsheets of ingredients, and test versions of her own before writing new recipes. I’ve always loved baking, she once told an interviewer. I think it’s because I’m very scientific. The best cooks are chemists. She describes herself as really physically active and told the NYTimes that shes run the San Francisco half marathon, the Portland Marathon, and plans on doing the Birkebeiner, North Americas longest cross country ski race. Shes also climbed Mount Kilimanjaro. She regards her ability to anticipate trends as one of her assets: Back in about 2003, I correctly called cupcakes as a major trend. It was a business prediction, but its been widely interpreted as [that] I just like them. Other frequently-mentioned details about Mayer include her love of Mountain Dew and how little sleep she requires only 4 hours a night. Awards and Honors Matrix Award by the New York Women in CommunicationsYoung Global Leader by the World Economic ForumWoman of the Year by Glamour magazineNamed one of Fortunes 50 Most Powerful Women in Business at age 33 making her the youngest woman ever to be included Board Membership San Francisco Museum of Modern ArtSan Francisco BalletNew York City BalletWal-Mart Stores Sources: Biographical details on Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer. Associated Press at Mercurynews.com. 17 July 2012.Cooper, Charles. Marissa Mayer: The bio that made her Yahoos next CEO. Cnet.com. 16 July 2012.Executive Profile: Marissa A. Mayer. Businessweek.com. 23 July 2012.From the Archives: Googles Marissa Mayer in Vogue. Vogue.com. 28 March 2012.Guthrie, Julian. The adventures of Marissa. San Francisco Magazine at Modernluxury.com. 3 February 2008.Guynn, Jessica. How I Made It: Marissa Mayer, Googles champion of innovation and design. LAtimes.com. 2 January 2011.Hatmaker, Taylor. 5 Surprising Facts About Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer. Readwriteweb.com. 19 July 2012.Holson, Laura M. Putting a Bolder Face on Google. NYTimes.com. 28 February 2009.Manjoo, Farhad. Can Marissa Mayer Save Yahoo? Dailyherald.com. 21 July 2012.Marissa Mayer. Profile at Linkedin.com. Retrieved 24 July 2012.Marissa Mayer: The Talent Scout. Businessweek.com. 18 June 2006.May, Patrick. New Yahoo CEO and former Google star Marissa Mayer has her work cut out for her.Mercurynews.com. 17 July 2012.May, Patrick. Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayers Bio: Stanford to Google to Yahoo. Mercurynews.com. 17 July 2012.Netburn, Deborah. New Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer is a cheesehead, Wisconsin proclaims. LAtimes.com. 17 July 2012.Taylor, Felicia. Googles Marissa Mayer: Passion is a gender-neutralizing force  CNN.com. 5 April 2012.

Business Management (Social Responsibility and Ethics ) Essay

Business Management (Social Responsibility and Ethics ) - Essay Example As a result, several business ethics theories have been developed. It is worth noting that accurate guidance of ethical principles is quite fundamental if business ethics is to comprise of a substantive discipline (Green 2004). The quest for such business ethics principles has given birth to a number of theories which have been tailored to suit the business environment. For the purpose of this paper, only two of these theories will be discussed. In addition, this paper will provide a basic definition of corporate stakeholder groups as well as corporate social responsibility and thereafter, the paper will describe how the relationship between a corporation and at least two of its stakeholder groups can be managed through corporate social responsibility activities. The paper will also anticipate some potential conflicts which might occur in the process of management. Business management has undoubtedly taken a new shape due to stiff competition in the business field. Business management generally involves getting all the concerned individuals together to bring about desired business goals and objectives. In basic terms, business management consist of planning, organizing staffing as well as directing a group of persons with an aim of accomplishing the desired goals of a business. Due to the undying quest for corporations to compete effectively and gain high rates of return, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an essential or else a fundamental activity to businesses globally. Now that the world is increasingly becoming a global village and large business organisations serve as global providers, they (corporations) are increasingly acknowledging the benefits of making available Corporate Social Responsibility programs in their every division of the organisation. It is quite worthwhile to note that there is an increasing recognition of the immense contribution of the private sector on the society. The

Marketing - Brio Tuscan Grill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Brio Tuscan Grill - Assignment Example One of the most popular means of creating distinction involves uses of integrated marketing communications. The advent of numerous channels of communication has further heightened the need for business organizations to pursue a policy that would help marketers to communicate and showcase their products and service offering to the target market segment. The role of integrated marketing communications become even more important considering the fact that it is the only channel by which marketers can communicate with their customers. The advent of the online channel and e-commerce has further bolstered the need to ensure greater efforts on the part of marketers to undertake a formidable communication plan involving all possible channels of communication so as to capture a large variety of target market audience. The present study would discuss and analyse the integrated marketing communication of Tuscan Grill Restaurant in order to gain a practical insight into the aspect of integrated m arketing communication strategy. Tuscan Grill is an Italian restaurant operating under the Bravo and Brio group of restaurants. The Italian chain of restaurant has its business operations spread across many states in the USA and aims to be one of the finest Italian restaurants in the lucrative US market. The company has a wide menu range covering every famous Italian delicacy. The customer segment of the restaurant includes a broad target audience comprising of business class to professionals and family members. An optimum pricing strategy is followed by the restaurant in order to cover a larger consumer audience. The company’s selling proposition includes providing the best quality of service and a mouth watering menu that tends to generate the best experience for the consumers (Brio Restaurant Group, â€Å"Welcome to BRAVO | BRIO Restaurant Group†). The following sections would present an analysis of the integrated marketing communication strategy of the company so a s to help formulate plausible recommendations for the organization to help maintain profitability and sustainability in the market. Integrated Marketing Communication Integrated marketing communication strategy involves using multiple channels of communication to communicate the message to the target market audience. Over the year advertising and promotional expenses are soaring to new heights and are perceived to be a very crucial factor in determining the success or failure of a product in the market (Belch & Belch, p. 4-5). Bio Tuscan Grill also has an integrated marketing communications strategy with the company using multiple channels of communication. There are many channels of communication that are used by marketers’ namely traditional channels like advertisements both in electronic as well as print media. The growing popularity of internet along with the popularisation of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have opened up a new channel by which marketer s can communicate to a large section of the target market audience. The opening up of the website greets audience with a soft music that makes it attractive for viewers and ensures retention so that customers do not navigate away from the website. Bio Tuscan Grill uses direct promotions such as online gift coupons and other discounts to attract customers. Apart from this it also sponsors promotional events where free lunch or dinner is provided to help make consumers taste the